Prep the pan and oven: Heat oven to 425°F (220°C).
Line a jumbo 6-cup muffin pan with paper liners or grease well.
Mix the crumble: In a bowl, stir flour, sugars, cinnamon, and salt. Drizzle in melted butter and mix with a fork until chunky crumbs form. Chill while you make the batter.
Combine dry ingredients: In a large bowl, whisk flour, sugar, baking powder, baking soda, and salt.
Combine wet ingredients: In another bowl, whisk melted butter, buttermilk, eggs, and vanilla until smooth.
Make the batter: Pour wet into dry.
Stir gently until just combined. The batter should be thick with a few streaks of flour left.
Fold in blueberries: Toss berries with 1–2 tbsp flour, then fold into the batter with a spatula, being careful not to overmix.
Fill the cups: Divide batter evenly among the 6 wells, filling each almost to the top for tall domes.
Add crumble: Top each muffin generously with the chilled crumble. Press lightly so it adheres.
Sprinkle with coarse sugar if you like.
Bake high, then lower: Bake at 425°F for 7 minutes. Without opening the oven, reduce heat to 350°F (175°C) and bake another 18–22 minutes until golden and a toothpick comes out with moist crumbs.
Cool: Let muffins cool in the pan for 5 minutes, then transfer to a rack. Serve warm or at room temperature.